Van Eeden intended the term lucid to denote "having insight," as in the phrase a lucid interval applied to someone in temporary remission from a psychosis, rather than as a reference to the perceptual quality of the experience, which may or may not be clear and vivid. Some have suggested that the term is a misnomer because Van Eeden was referring to a phenomenon more specific than a lucid dream. In 1913, Dutch psychiatrist and writer Frederik (Willem) van Eeden (1860–1932) coined the term "lucid dream" in an article entitled "A Study of Dreams." 20th century Frederik van Eeden and Marquis d'Hervey de Saint Denys, pioneers of lucid dreaming In 1867, the French sinologist Marie-Jean-Léon, Marquis d'Hervey de Saint Denys anonymously published Les Rêves et Les Moyens de Les Diriger Observations Pratiques ("Dreams and the ways to direct them practical observations"), in which he describes his own experiences of lucid dreaming, and proposes that it is possible for anyone to learn to dream consciously. Samuel Pepys, in his diary entry for 15 August 1665, records a dream, stating: "I had my Lady Castlemayne in my arms and was admitted to use all the dalliance I desired with her, and then dreamt that this could not be awake, but that it was only a dream." 19th century Philosopher and physician Sir Thomas Browne (1605–1682) was fascinated by dreams and described his own ability to lucid dream in his Religio Medici, stating: ".yet in one dream I can compose a whole Comedy, behold the action, apprehend the jests and laugh my self awake at the conceits thereof." In addition, a letter written by Saint Augustine of Hippo in AD 415 tells the story of a dreamer, Doctor Gennadius, and refers to lucid dreaming. For example, the philosopher Aristotle wrote: "often when one is asleep, there is something in consciousness which declares that what then presents itself is but a dream." Meanwhile, the physician Galen of Pergamon used lucid dreams as a form of therapy. Įarly references to the phenomenon are also found in ancient Greek writing. The cultivation of such awareness was a common practice among early Buddhists. The practice of lucid dreaming, as in cultivating the dreamer's ability to be aware that they are dreaming, is central to both the ancient Indian Hindu practice of Yoga nidra and the Tibetan Buddhist practice of dream Yoga. LaBerge found dreams that exhibit one clearly without the capacity for the other also, in some dreams where the dreamer is lucid and aware they could exercise control, they choose simply to observe. Subsequently, Stephen LaBerge studied the prevalence of being able to control the dream scenario among lucid dreams, and found that while dream control and dream awareness are correlated, neither requires the other. The dreamer has a clear memory of the waking worldīarrett found less than a quarter of lucidity accounts exhibited all four.Physical laws need not apply in the dream.They are aware actions will not carry over after waking.The dreamer is aware that they are dreaming.Later, in 1992, a study by Deirdre Barrett examined whether lucid dreams contained four " corollaries" of lucidity: Awareness of concentration and focus (the subjective clarity of that state).Awareness of the capacity to make decisions.Awareness of the dream state (orientation).
Paul Tholey laid the epistemological basis for the research of lucid dreams, proposing seven different conditions of clarity that a dream must fulfill in order to be defined as a lucid dream:
He said the seventh type, lucid dreaming, is "the most interesting and worthy of the most careful observation and study." Definition
Van Eeden created names for seven different types of dreams he experienced based on the data he collected: 352 of these dreams are categorized as lucid. Van Eeden studied his own dreams between January 20, 1898, and December 26, 1912, recording the ones he deemed most important in a dream diary. The term lucid dream was coined by Dutch author and psychiatrist Frederik van Eeden in his 1913 article A Study of Dreams, though descriptions of dreamers being aware that they are dreaming predate the article. Further developments in psychological research have pointed to ways in which this form of dreaming may be utilized as a form of sleep therapy. Many different theories have emerged as a result of scientific research on the subject and have even been shown in pop culture. Prominent figures from ancient to modern times have been fascinated by lucid dreams and have sought ways to better understand their causes and purpose. Lucid dreaming has been studied and reported for many years. During a lucid dream, the dreamer may gain some amount of control over the dream characters, narrative, or environment. For other uses, see Lucid Dream (disambiguation).Ī lucid dream is a type of dream in which the dreamer becomes aware that they are dreaming while dreaming.
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